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| FNF: TIMELINE: HUMAN EVOLUTION 100.000 BC => 2000 AD http://www.hi.is/~joner/eaps/tlhh.htm 2001-04-09 |
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| MAPS: USA A_H USA W USA_E LJ_GLOB ICELAND LJ_TIMELINE: Ice Age Floods | |||||||||||
| TIMELINES: WARS L1 MATH OV BIO TL4 CHRON PHYSICS TL4 PHIL TL MEDICINE LI | |||||||||||
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| 100.000 ZO |
LIA PL |
. | . | Last Ice Age (LIA PL ) (120.000 - (18.000) -
10.000) kya EB_GEOT Rrice.edu_ce_age LIA2 Ice Ages ( IA ) |
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| 90.000 ZO EB_GEOT |
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| 80.000 ZO EB_GEOT |
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| 70.000 ZO EB_GT |
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| 60.000 ZO EB_GT |
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| 50.000 ZO EB_GT |
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| 40.000 ZO EB_GT |
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| 30.000 ZO EB_GT |
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| 20.000 ZO EB_GT |
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| 10.000 HOLOCENE ZO EB_GT H_Env Cat |
H O L O C E N E |
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World History: Explanations EX
World History: Explanations EX
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|
Quaternary Period http://search.eb.co.uk/bol/topic?thes_id=320522
EB_GEOT
| Pleistocene EB_GEOT |
| "The Pleistocene is subdivided into
informal time units, the early, middle, and late Pleistocene. The early Pleistocene extends to the Brunhes-Matuyama paleomagnetic boundary at 730,000 years ago, and the middle Pleistocene extends to the end of the next to the last glaciation at about 130,000 years. The late Pleistocene includes the last interglacial-glacial cycle ending at the Holocene (EB) boundary 10,000 years ago." "interval of geologic time, the youngest of the 11 periods in the Earth's history. The Quaternary is both the shortest and most recent period. It is the second period of the Cenozoic Era, following the Tertiary Period, and began about 1.6 million years ago (see Table). The Quaternary is subdivided into two epochs, - the Pleistocene (1,600,000 to 10,000 years ago) - and the Holocene (10,000 years ago to the present). The Pleistocene Epoch thus comprises almost all of Quaternary time. " http://search.eb.co.uk/bol/topic?thes_id=320522 |
| http://search.eb.co.uk/bol/topic?eu=128057&sctn=2#s_top NL_Pleistocene |
| . | . | . | . | . |
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| BR | NL | GL | LJ | stone age http://www.ragz-international.com/stone_age.htm | ||||||
| BR | NL | GL | LJ | neo lithic | ||||||
| BR | NL | GL | LJ | neanderthal | ||||||
| BR | NL | GL | LJ | homo sapiens | ||||||
| BR | NL | GL | LJ | bronze age EB | ||||||
| BR | NL | GL | LJ | iron age | ||||||
| BR | NL | GL | LJ | holocene EB TAB | ||||||
| BR | NL | GL | LJ | bronze age |
| . | . | . | . | . |
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| BR | NL | GL | LJ | ice age EB | ||||||
| BR | NL | GL | LJ | ice
ages The First Ice Age Some 2.3 billion years ago, oxygen supported a lot of land-based life on Earth, and then slicked the planet's surface with ice http://sciam.com/explorations/1999/110199ice/index.html http://www.threerivers.k12.or.us/schools/fms/projectmay/iceage.htm NAT http://www.nature.com/NATURE/fow/010111.html |
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| BR | NL | GL | LJ | pleistocene http://emuseum.mankato.msus.edu/offices/alpha/classes/book/paleolithic/pleistoc.html | ||||||
| BR | NL | GL | LJ | glacial
periods CE http://emuseum.mankato.msus.edu/offices/alpha/classes/book/paleolithic/glacials.html |
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| BR | NL | GL | LJ | glaciology | ||||||
| BR | NL | GL | LJ | glacial stages | ||||||
| BR | NL | GL | LJ | last glacial
period http://www.publicaffairs.noaa.gov/pr96/dec96/noaa96-78.html |
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| BR | NL | GL | LJ | bronze age |
| The Stone Age |
| "The Stone Age is usually divided into
three separate periods-- - Paleolithic Period, 600-700.000 - 8.000 - Mesolithic Period, and - Neolithic Period --based on the degree of sophistication in the fashioning and use of tools. Paleolithic archaeology is concerned with the origins and development of early human culture between the first appearance of man as a tool-using mammal, which is believed to have occurred about 600,000 or 700,000 years ago, and the beginning of the Recent geologic era, about 8000 BC. It is included in the time span of the Pleistocene, or Glacial, Epoch--an interval of about 1,000,000 years. Although it cannot be proved, modern evidence suggests that the earliest protohuman forms had diverged from the ancestral primate stock by the beginning of the Pleistocene. In any case, the oldest recognizable tools are found in horizons of - Lower Pleistocene Age. During the Pleistocene a series of momentous climatic events occurred. The northern latitudes and mountainous areas were subjected on four successive occasions to the advances and retreats of ice sheets (known as Günz, Mindel, Riss, and Würm in the Alps), river valleys and terraces were formed, the present coastlines were established, and great changes were induced in the fauna and flora of the globe. In large measure, the development of culture during Paleolithic times seems to have been profoundly influenced by the environmental factors that characterize the successive stages of the Pleistocene Epoch. " "The Middle Paleolithic Period The Middle Paleolithic period includes the Mousterian culture, often associated with Neanderthal man, an early form of man, living between 40,000 and 100,000 years ago. Neanderthal remains are often found in caves with evidence of the use of fire. Neanderthals were hunters of prehistoric mammals, and their cultural remains, though unearthed chiefly in Europe, have been found also in N Africa, Palestine, and Siberia. Stone tools of this period are of the flake tradition, and bone implements, such as needles, indicate that crudely sewn furs and skins were used as body coverings. Since the dead were painted before burial, a kind of primitive religion may have been practiced. 3 The Upper Paleolithic Period In the Upper Paleolithic period Neanderthal man disappears and is replaced by a variety of Homo sapiens such as Cro-Magnon man and Grimaldi man. ....." "The Middle Paleolithic Period The Middle Paleolithic period includes the Mousterian culture, often associated with Neanderthal man, an early form of man, living between 40,000 and 100,000 years ago. Neanderthal remains are often found in caves with evidence of the use of fire. Neanderthals were hunters of prehistoric mammals, and their cultural remains, though unearthed chiefly in Europe, have been found also in N Africa, Palestine, and Siberia. Stone tools of this period are of the flake tradition, and bone implements, such as needles, indicate that crudely sewn furs and skins were used as body coverings. Since the dead were painted before burial, a kind of primitive religion may have been practiced. 3 ..... While - Mesolithic cultures lasted in Europe until almost 3000 B.C., ..... New Stone Age. ..... The earliest known development of Neolithic culture was in SW Asia between 8000 B.C. and 6000 B.C. There the domestication of plants and animals was probably begun by the Mesolithic Natufian peoples, leading to the establishment of settled villages based on the cultivation of cereals, including wheat, barley, and millet, and the raising of cattle, sheep, goats, and pigs. In the Tigris and Euphrates river valleys, the Neolithic culture of the Middle East developed into the urban civilizations of the Bronze Age by 3500 B.C. Between 6000 B.C. and 2000 B.C. Neolithic culture spread through Europe, the Nile valley (Egypt), the Indus valley (India), and the Huang He valley (N China). .... " |
| See the full original at: http://www.ragz-international.com/stone_age.htm |
| Neanderthal |
| "Neanderthal also spelled NEANDERTAL, early form of Homo sapiens that inhabited much of Europe and the Mediterranean lands during the late Pleistocene Epoch, about 100,000 to 30,000 years ago. Neanderthal remains have also been found in the Middle East, North Africa, and western Central Asia. " |
| See the full original at: http://search.eb.co.uk/bol/topic?eu=56504&sctn=1#s_top |
| Little Ice Age |
| "A lesser, recent glacial stage called the Little Ice Age began in the 16th century and advanced and receded intermittently over three centuries. Its maximum development was reached about 1750, at which time glaciers were more widespread on Earth than at any time since the principal Quaternary Ice Ages. |
| See the full original at: http://search.eb.co.uk/bol/topic?thes_id=196580 |
| Mesolithic |
"Mesolithic usually refers specifically to a development in northwestern Europe that - began about 8000 BC, after the end of the Pleistocene Epoch, and - lasted until about 2700 BC. Although culturally and technologically continuous with Paleolithic peoples, Mesolithic cultures developed diverse local adaptations to special environments. The Mesolithic hunter achieved a greater efficiency than did the Paleolithic and was able to exploit a wider range of animal and vegetable food sources. |
| See the full original at: http://search.eb.co.uk/bol/topic?xref=36064 |
| The Neolithic stage of development |
| "The Neolithic stage of
development was attained during the Holocene Epoch (the last
10,000 years of Earth history). During this time, humans learned to raise crops and keep domestic livestock, and were thus no longer dependent on hunting, fishing, and gathering wild plants. Neolithic cultures made more useful stone tools by grinding and polishing relatively hard rocks, rather than merely chipping softer ones down to the desired shape. The cultivation of cereal grains enabled Neolithic peoples to build permanent dwellings and congregate in villages, and the release from nomadism and a hunting-gathering economy gave them the time to pursue specialized crafts. (See agriculture.) " |
| See the full original at: http://search.eb.co.uk/bol/topic?xref=36065 |
| Last Interglacial Period NL_Last interglacial |
| http://climchange.cr.usgs.gov/info/lite/ |
| Pleistocene |
"Also known as the Great Ice Age, the Pleistocene is a period of recent geological time when Europe and North America experienced bitter arctic climate. It began about 1.6 million years ago and it is usually divided into 3 subdivisions. 1. Lower Pleistocene: Lasted 700,000 years and was characterized by minor warm/cold regimens. During the Lower Pleistocene humans emergedin Africa and spread into Europe and Asia. 2. Middle Pleistocene: Lasted 730,000 years and was characterized by many glacial and interglacial periods with rising and lowering sea levels. 3. Upper Pleistocene: Began 128,000 years ago with the beginning of the last interglacial. During the Upper Pleistocene, fully modern Home sapien sapien spread from the tropics throughout the Old World and into the Americas." |
| See the full original at: http://emuseum.mankato.msus.edu/offices/alpha/classes/book/paleolithic/pleistoc.html |
| Bronze Age |
"Bronze Age third phase in the development of material culture among the ancient peoples of Europe, Asia, and the Middle East, following the Paleolithic and Neolithic ages. The term also denotes the first period in which metal was used. The date at which the age began varied with regions; in Greece and China, for instance, the Bronze Age began before 3000 BC, whereas in Britain it did not start until about 1900 BC. The beginning of the period is sometimes called the Chalcolithic (Copper-Stone) Age, referring to the initial use of pure copper (along with its predecessor toolmaking material, stone). Scarce at first, copper was initially used only for small or precious objects. Its use was known in eastern Anatolia by 6500 BC, and it soon became widespread. By the middle of the 4th millennium, a rapidly developing copper metallurgy, with cast tools and weapons, was a factor leading to urbanization in Mesopotamia. By 3000 the use of copper was well known in the Middle East, had extended westward into the Mediterranean area, and was beginning to infiltrate the Neolithic cultures of Europe. This early copper phase is commonly thought of as part of the Bronze Age, though true bronze, an alloy of copper and tin, was used only rarely at first. During the 2nd millennium the use of true bronze greatly increased; the tin deposits at Cornwall, Eng., were much used and were responsible for a considerable part of the large production of bronze objects at that time. The age was also marked by increased specialization and the invention of the wheel and the ox-drawn plow. From about 1000 BC, the ability to heat and forge another metal, iron, brought the Bronze Age to an end, and the Iron Age began. " |
| See the full original at: http://search.eb.co.uk/bol/topic?eu=16861&sctn=1#s_top |
| Ice Age floods |
| "Sunday, June 4, 2000, 12:00 a.m.
Pacific Ice Age floods(NL) left their mark by Linda Ashton The Associated Press WALLULA GAP, Walla Walla County - Twelve thousand years ago or thereabouts, a cataclysmic flood - so great it equaled 10 times the flow of all the rivers in the world today - broke through an ice dam in Western Montana and carved out the Columbia Plateau. The 2,000-foot-deep Glacial Lake Missoula sent an unimaginably huge rush of water pouring across the Idaho Panhandle and Eastern Washington, before flooding at the narrow Wallula Gap, and then scouring out the Columbia River Gorge on its way to the Pacific Ocean. " |
| See
the full original at: http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/news/local/html98/icee04m_20000604.html
http://www.idahogeology.org/iceagefloods/iafihome.html |
| Earths Ice Ages |
| " There have been several ice
ages in the history of the Earth. What is commonly called the ice age is actually the most recent (Quaternary) (NL) which began about two million years ago, and was characterized by cold (glacial), and relatively warm (interglacial) phases. Four major continental glaciations are recorded in North America. - he last (Wisconsin) began about 70,000 years ago, and ended 10,000 years ago. At the peak of the last glaciation, approximately 97% of Canada was covered by ice. Animals and plants that once lived in glaciated regions survived in refuges in Alaska and the Yukon, possibly on Banks Island, and in the northern United States. Probably the thickest ice (approximately 3,300 m) occurred over Hudson Bay. We are presently in an interglacial phase that could last for another 10,000 or more years." |
| See the full original at: http://www.nature.ca/notebooks/english/iceage.htm |
| Last Ice Age (LIA) (120.000 - (18.000) - 10.000) kya Rrice.edu_ce_age LIA2 |
"Glaciations
During the Pleistocene Epoch there were periods of time named, glacials.
These were periods of much cooler temperatures
where much of the Earth was covered in ice. Periods of warmer temperatures with less ice
coverage were named, interglacials.
There is much evidence left on Earth to prove that the glaciers once covered certain areas
and which direction they grew from
or retreated to. Evidence such as striations, scratching left on rocks to indicate the
direction of travel of the glacier; Moraines,
ridges of sediment left marking the farthest advance of the ice sheet, etc.
A man named Louis Agassiz (NL
L1)(1865)
contributed much information to the discovery and research of the ice ages. He discovered
evidence that the glaciers had once extended far beyond their present positions. With this
discovery, it led to many other
changes in beliefs and discoveries about glaciers had once extended far beyond their
present positions. With this discovery, it
led to many other changes in beliefs and discoveries about previous ice ages. There were
five major ice ages during the
Pleistocene Epoch. They ranged from time periods of 750,000 years ago, to about
75,000 ya. The ice ages were named (from
earliest to most recent) Danube, Gunz, Mindel, Riss, and Wurm. (NL)
They were all named after German rivers..."
See the full original at: http://www.atmos.washington.edu/2000Q4/211/group_C/glaciations.html
Gunz, Mindel, Riss, and Wurm. (NL)
http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0001822.html
http://www.world-destiny.org/a24uph.htm
| Canary Tsunami |
| "Island catastrophe In 1994, Juan Carlos Carracedo from the Volcanological Station of the Canary Islands in Tenerife described dramatic evidence for a landslide collapse on El Hierro in the Canary Islands. Around 120,000 years ago, a volcano rising at least 1500 metres above sea level tore itself apart. A huge chunk of the north-west side of the island plunged onto the sea floor, breaking up as it fell. What remains behind is a bay 15 kilometres across, whose gently sloping floor is backed by a breathtaking semicircular escarpment more than a kilometre high. It is as if some gigantic sea monster had taken a bite out of the island. " |
| See bhttp://www.newscientist.com/features/features.jsp?id=ns225915 cs_major LJ_TSUNAMI Storegga |