AV_Encyclopedia
of Unified Science |
AV_
Unity of Science
DET VETENSKAPLIGA TÄNKANDETS GRUNDFRÅGOR historiska och teoretiska perspektiv, 20 poäng
http://www.ideh.su.se/VTG.html
Rudolf Carnap, "Logical Foundations of Unity of Science", i H. Feigl -W.
Sellars red. Readings in Philosophical Analysis (1949)
Logical Positivism http://www.santafe.edu/~shalizi/notebooks/logical-positivism.html
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"Systems theory was proposed in the 1940's by the biologist Ludwig
von Bertalanffy (: General Systems Theory, 1968), and furthered by Ross Ashby (Introduction to Cybernetics, 1956). von
Bertalanffy was both reacting against reductionism and attempting to revive the unity of science.
He emphasized
- that real systems are open to,and interact with, their environments, and
- that they can acquire qualitatively new properties through emergence, resulting in
continual evolution.
Rather than reducing an entity (e.g. the human body) to the properties of its parts or
elements (e.g. organs or cells), systems theory focuses on the arrangement of
and relations between the parts which connect them into a whole (cf. holism). This
particular organization determines a system, which is independent of the concrete
substance of the elements (e.g. particles, cells, transistors, people, etc). Thus, the
same concepts and principles of organization underlie the different disciplines (physics,
biology, technology, sociology, etc.), providing a basis for their unification. Systems
concepts include: system-environment boundary, input, output, process, state, hierarchy,
goal-directedness, and information."
Heimild: Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy.(Copyright Cambridge University Press)
http://pespmc1.vub.ac.be/CYBSWHAT.html
Sjá: http://www.hi.is/~joner/eaps/cq_syss1.htm
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Samvinna kennara
og nemenda um námsgagnagerð í MIT undir stjórn Prof. J. Forrester
NN:WH:
"The System Dynamics in Education Project (SDEP) is a
part of the undergraduate work study program at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
The Project was founded in 1990, and its primary focus is the use of system dynamics and
learner-centered learning in education. SDEP is a group of students working under the
supervision of Prof. Jay W. Forrester, founder of system dynamics.
The group is writing Road Maps which is a guide to learning
system dynamics. Road Maps is a series of self-study guides that use various
modeling exercises and selected literature to provide a simple and easily understandable
way for learning the methods and
principles of system dynamics.
Nan Lux, the Project advisor, runs the K-12 system dynamics email list that
serves as an email discussion group where people can share their insights on using system
dynamics and system thinking in K-12 education.
The material prepared by SDEP can be obtained through the Creative Learning "
Heimild: http://sysdyn.mit.edu/sdep.html
Road Maps A Guide to Learning System Dynamics http://sysdyn.mit.edu/road-maps/home.html
Meira: http://www.hi.is/~joner/eaps/cq_gsys1.htm
Innlend dæmi um slíka samvinnu:
http://www.hi.is/~joner/eaps/nn_for3.htm
http://www.hi.is/~joner/eaps/nn_same1.htm
(JE 99.06.02) |
"System
Dynamics
System dynamics is a method for studying the world around us. Unlike
other scientists, who study the world by breaking it up into smaller and smaller pieces,
system dynamicists look at things as a whole. The
central concept to system dynamics is understanding how all the objects in a system
interact with one another.
A system can be anything from a steam engine, to a bank account, to a basketball
team.
The objects and people in a system interact through "feedback" loops, where a
change in one variable affects other variables over time, which in turn affects the
original variable, and so on.
An example of this is money in a bank account. Money in the bank earns interest, which
increases the size of the account. Now that the account is larger, it earns even more
interest, which adds more money to the account. This goes on and on. Another example of a
simple feedback loop which we have all experienced is adjusting the water tap to reach a
desired temperature. You turn the faucet, feel the temperature, and compare it to the
desired temperature. You continue to adjust the water, with smaller and smaller
adjustments, until you reach the desired temperature.
What system dynamics attempts to do is understand the basic structure of a system, and
thus understand the behavior it can produce. Many of these systems and problems which are
analyzed can be built as models on a computer. System dynamics takes advantage of the fact
that a computer model can be of much greater complexity and carry out more simultaneous
calculations than can the mental model of the human mind."
Heimild: http://sysdyn.mit.edu/sd-intro/home.html
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