SAXO: CHAPTER EIGHT
The story of Gorm and Thorkel

[The translation is Elton's (1893). Important (and interesting) variants from Fisher's translation, coded in red, are included after each relevant paragraph. Irrelevant passages have been omitted.]

Snio was succeeded by Biorn; and after him Harald became sovereign. Harald's son Gorm won no mean place of honour among the ancient generals of the Danes by his record of doughty deeds. For he ventured into fresh fields, preferring to practise his inherited valour, not in war, but in searching the secrets of nature; and, just as other kings are stirred by warlike ardour, so his heart thirsted to look into marvels; either what he could experience himself, or what were merely matters of report. And being desirous to go and see all things foreign and extraordinary, he thought that he must above all test a report which he had heard from the men of Thule1 concerning the abode of a certain Geirrod. For they boasted past belief of the mighty piles of treasure in that country, but said that the way was beset with peril, and hardly passable by mortal man. For those who had tried it declared that it was needful to sail over the ocean that goes round the lands2, to leave the sun and stars behind, to journey down into chaos3, and at last to pass into a land where no light was and where darkness reigned eternally.

1. Icelanders; 2. the ocean which girds the earth; 3. beneath the realm of night.

But the warrior trampled down in his soul all fear of the dangers that beset him. Not that he desired booty, but glory; for he hoped for a great increase of renown if he ventured on a wholly unattempted quest. Three hundred men announced that they had the same desire as the king; and he resolved that Thorkill, who had brought the news, should be chosen to guide them on the journey, as he knew the ground and was versed in the approaches to that country. Thorkill did not refuse the task, and advised that, to meet the extraordinary fury of the sea they had to cross, strongly-made vessels should be built, fitted with many knotted cords and close-set nails, filled with great store of provision, and covered above with ox-hides to protect the inner spaces of the ships from the spray of the waves breaking in. Then they sailed off in only three galleys, each containing a hundred chosen men.

Now when they had come to Halogaland, they lost their favouring breezes, and were driven and tossed divers ways over the seas in perilous voyage.

[Omitted passage]

This done, a favouring wind took them, and they sailed to further Biarmaland. It is a region of eternal cold, covered with very deep snows, and not sensible to the force even of the summer heats; full of pathless forests, not fertile in grain and haunted by beasts uncommon elsewhere. Its many rivers pour onwards in a hissing, foaming flood, because of the reefs imbedded in their channels.

Here Thorkill drew up his ships ashore, and bade them pitch their tents on the beach, declaring that they had come to a spot whence the passage to Geirrod would be short. Moreover, he forbade them to exchange any speech with those that came up to them, declaring that nothing enabled the monsters to injure strangers so much as uncivil words on their part: it would be therefore safer for his companions to keep silence; none but he, who had seen all the manners and customs of this nation before, could speak safely. As twilight approached, a man of extraordinary bigness greeted the sailors by their names, and came among them. All were aghast, but Thorkill told them to greet his arrival cheerfully, telling them that this was Gudmund, the brother of Geirrod, and the most faithful guardian in perils of all men who landed in that spot. When the man asked why all the rest thus kept silence, he answered that they were very unskilled in his language, and were ashamed to use a speech they did not know. Then Gudmund invited them to be his guests, and took them up in carriages. As they went forward, they saw a river which could be crossed by a bridge of gold. They wished to go over it, but Gudmund restrained them, telling them that by this channel nature had divided the world of men from the world of monsters1, and that no mortal track might go further2.

1. formed a natural boundary between the human and the supernatural worlds; 2. no mortal was permitted to step beyond.

[Omitted passage]

Gudmund perceived that Thorkill was shrewder than he at every point; so, despairing to accomplish his treachery, he carried them all across the further side of the river, and let them finish their journey. They went on; and saw, not far off, a gloomy, neglected town, looking more like a cloud exhaling vapour. Stakes interspersed among the battlements showed the severed heads of warriors and dogs of great ferocity were seen watching before the doors to guard the entrance. Thorkill threw them a horn smeared with fat to lick, and so, at slight cost, appeased their most furious rage. High up the gates lay open to enter, and they climbed to their level with ladders, entering with difficulty. Inside the town was crowded with murky and misshapen phantoms, and it was hard to say whether their shrieking figures were more ghastly to the eye or to the ear; everything was foul, and the reeking mire afflicted the nostrils of the visitors with its unbearable stench. Then they found the rocky dwelling which Geirrod was rumoured to inhabit for his palace1. They resolved to visit its narrow and horrible ledge2, but stayed their steps and halted in panic at the very entrance.

1. stone chamber where, according to rumour, Geirrod kept court; 2. explore the confines of its terrible vault.

[Omitted passage]

Inside, the house was seen to be ruinous throughout, and filled with a violent and abominable reek. And it also teemed with everything that could disgust the eye or the mind: the door-posts were begrimed with the soot of ages, the wall was plastered with filth, the roof was made up of spear-heads, the flooring was covered with snakes and bespattered with all manner of uncleanliness. Such an unwonted sight struck terror into the strangers, and, over all, the acrid and incessant stench assailed their afflicted nostrils. Also bloodless phantasmal monsters huddled on the iron seats, and the places for sitting were railed off by leaden trellises; and hideous doorkeepers stood at watch on the thresholds. Some of these, armed with clubs lashed together, yelled, while others played a gruesome game, tossing a goat's hide from one to the other with mutual motion of goatish backs.

Here Thorkill again warned the men, and forbade them to stretch forth their covetous hands rashly to the forbidden things. Going on through the breach in the crag, they beheld an old man with his body pierced through, sitting not far off, on a lofty seat facing the side of the rock that had been rent away. Moreover, three women, whose bodies were covered with tumours, and who seemed to have lost the strength of their back-bones, filled adjoining seats. Thorkill's companions were very curious; and he, who well knew the reason of the matter, told them that long ago the god Thor had been provoked by the insolence of the giants to drive red-hot irons through the vitals of Geirrod, who strove with him, and that the iron had slid further, torn up the mountain, and battered through its side; while the women had been stricken by the might of his thunderbolts, and had been punished (so he declared) for their attempt on the same deity, by having their bodies broken.

Saxo's account is of great relevance in many ways. His heroes' otherworld visit involves both a crossing of the Ocean and a crossing of a River (see comment on Snorri's prose account). The travellers must cross "the ocean which girds the earth", "hardly passable by mortal man". Saxo mentions "the extraordinary fury of the sea", and "many rivers" pouring onwards in a "hissing, foaming flood, because of the reefs imbedded in their channels". Þórsdrápa's ocean metaphors, including sea-shore and off-shore skerry images, contain many parallels (see commentaries). In Þórsdrápa, Geirröðr inhabits a circular cave, and Saxo tells us that he kept court in a "stone chamber", "a terrible vault". The "goat's hide" reference is peculiar (see comments on Þjóðólfr's stanza).

When Thorkel and his companions finally enter Geirröðr's cave, they see an old man, sitting on a throne "with his body pierced through", and beside him "three women ... who seemed to have lost the strength of their back-bones". Snorri only mentions two daughters, Gjálp and Greip (Gneip). Thorkel's information is in total accord with Snorri's, i.e. that Þórr's missile not only penetrated the giant himself, but also had "slid further, torn up the mountain, and battered through its side" (see comments on Snorri's prose account).